nity vyavahar mean 'dharm' shabd ka upayog keval 'paralaukik sukh ka marg' isi arth mean kiya jata hai. jab ham kisi se prashn karate haian ki 'tera kaun–sa dharm hai?' tab usase hamare poochhane ka yahi hetu hota hai ki too apane paralaukik kalyan ke lie kis marg – vaidik, bauddh, jain, eesaee, muhammadi ya parasi se chalata hai; aur vah hamare prashn ke anusar hi uttar deta hai. isi tarah svarg–prapti ke lie sadhanabhoot yajn–yag adi vaidik vishayoan ki mimaansa karate samay 'athato dharmajijnasa' adi dharmasootroan mean bhi dharm shabd ka yahi arth liya gaya hai. parantu 'dharm' shabd ka itana hi sankuchit arth nahian hai. isake sivay rajadharm, prajadharm, kuladharm, mitradharm ityadi saansarik niti–bandhanoan ko bhi dharm kahate haian. dharm shabd ke do arthoan ko yadi prithak karake dikhalana ho to paralaukik dharm ko 'mokshadharm' athava sirf 'moksh' aur vyavaharik dharm athava keval dharm kaha karate haian. udaharanarth; chaturvidh purusharthoan ki ganana karate samay ham log 'dharm, arth, kam, moksh’' kaha karate haian. isake pahale dharm shabd mean hi yadi moksh ka samavesh ho jata to ant mean moksh ko prithak purusharth batalane ki avashyakata n rah jati. arthath; yah kahana p data hai ki 'dharm' pad se is sthan par sansar ke saik doan nitidharm hi shastrakaroan ko abhipret haian.
inhian ko ham log ajakal karttavy, karm, niti, nitidharm athava sadacharan kahate haian. parantu prachin sanskrit granthoan mean 'niti' athava 'nitishastr' shabdoan ka upayog vishesh karake rajaniti ke lie hi kiya jata hai, isalie purane jamane mean karttavy–karm athava sadachar ke samany vivechan ko ‘niti–pravachan’ n kahakar 'dharm–pravachan' kaha karate the. parantu 'niti' aur 'dharm' do shabdoan ka yah paribhashik bhed sabhi sanskrit granthoan mean nahian mana gaya hai. isalie hamane bhi is granth mean 'niti', 'karttavy' aur 'dharm' shabdoan ka upayog ek hi arth mean kiya gaya hai; aur moksh ka vichar jis sthan par karana hai, us prakaran ke 'adhyatm' aur 'bhaktimarg' ye svatantr nam rakhe haian. mahabharat mean 'dharm' shabd anek sthanoan par aya hai, aur jis sthan par kaha gaya hai ki 'kisi ko koee kam karana dharm–sangat hai' us sthan par dharm shabd se karttavy–shastr athava tatkalin samaj–vyavastha shastr hi ka arth paya jata hai; tatha jis sthan mean paralaukik kalyan mean marg batalane ka prasang aya hai, us sthan par arthath shaantiparv ke uttarardh mean 'moksh–dharm' is vishisht shabd ki yojana ki gee hai. isi tarah manvadi smriti–granthoan mean brahman, kshatriy, vaishy aur shoodr ke vishisht karmoan, arthath charoan varnoan ke karmoan ka varnan karate samay keval dharm shabd ka hi anek sthanoan par kee bar upayog kiya gaya hai. aur, bhagavadgita mean bhi jab bhagavan arjun se yah kah kar l dane ke lie kahate haian ki svadharmamapi chaavekshy[1] tab, aur isake bad
svadharme nidhanan shreyah paradharmo bhayavahah[2]
is sthan par bhi 'dharm' shabd 'is lok ke chaturvarnyan ke dharm' ke arth ke roop mean hi prayukt hua hai. purane jamane ke rrishiyoan ne shram–vibhag roop chaturvarny sanstha isalie chalaee gee thi ki samaj ke sab vyavahar saralata se hote jaean, kisi ek vishisht vyakti ya varg par hi sara bojh n p dane pae aur samaj ka sabhi dishaoan se sanrakshan aur poshan bhali-bhaanti hota rahe. yah bat bhinn hai ki kuchh samay ke bad charoan varnoan ke log keval jati–matropajivi ho ge; arthath sachche svakarm ko bhoolakar ve keval namadhari brahman, kshatriy, vaishy athava shoodr ho ge. isamean sandeh nahian hai ki aranbh mean yah vyavastha samaj dharanarth hi ki gee thi; aur yadi charoan varnoan mean se koee bhi ek varn apana dharm arthath karttavy chho d de, arthath yadi koee varn samool nasht ho jae aur usaki sthanapoorti doosare logoan se n ki jae to kul samaj utana hi pangu hokar dhire–dhire nasht bhi hone lag jata hai athava vah nishkrit avastha mean to avashy hi pahuanch jata hai. yadyapi yah bat sach hai ki yoorop mean aise anek samaj haian jinaka abhyuday chaturvarny vyavastha chahe n ho, parantu charoan varnoan ke sab dharm, jnati–roop se nahian to gun–vibhag roop hi se jagrit avashy rahate haian.
saraansh, jab ham dharm shabd ka prayog vyavaharik drishti se karate haian tab ham yahi dekha karate haian ki sab samaj ka dharan aur poshan kaise hota hai.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj