भगवद्गीता -राधाकृष्णन पृ. 1

bhagavadgita -d aau. sarvepalli radhakrishnan

parichay

1.is granth ka mahattv

‘bhagavadgita’ ek darshanagranth kam aur ek prachin dharmagranth adhik hai. yah koee guhy granth nahian hai, jo vishesh roop se dikshit logoan ke liye likha gaya ho aur jise keval ve hi samajh sakate ho, apitu ek lokapriy kavy hai, jo un logoan ki bhi sahayata karata hai ‘jo anek aur parivartanashil vastuoan ke kshetr mean bhatakate phir rahe haian.’ is pustak mean sab sampradayoan ke un sadhakoan ki mahattvakaankshaoan ko vani pradan ki gee hai, jo paramatma ke nagar ki or antarik marg par chalana chahate haian. ham vastavikata ko us adhikatam gaharaee par sparsh karate haian, jahaan manushy sangharsh karate haian, viphal hote haian aur vijay pate haian. shatabdiyoan tak karo doan hinduoan^[1] ko is mahan granth se shanti prapt hoti rahi hai. isamean sankshipt aur marmasparshi shabdoan mean ek adhyatmik dharm ke un moolabhoot siddhantoan ki sthapana ki gee hai, jo duradharit tathyoan, avaijnanik kattar siddhanto ya manamani kalpanaoan par tike hue nahian haian. adhyatmik bal ke ek lambe itihas ke sath yah aj bhi un sab logoan ko prakash dene ka kam kar rahi hai, jo isake vivek ki gambhirata se labh uthana chahate haian. isamean ek aise sansar par zor diya gaya hai jo usaki apeksha kahian adhik vistrit aur gambhir hai, jise ki yuddh aur krantiyaan sparsh kar sakati haian. adhyatmik jivan ke punarnavikaran mean yah eb sabal roopanirdharak tattv hai aur isane sansar ke mahan dharmagranthoan mean apana ek sunishchit sthan bana liya haian.
gita ka upadesh kisi ek vicharak ya vicharakoan ke kisi ek varg dvara soch nikali gee adhividyak pranali ke roop mean prastut nahian kiya gaya; yah upadesh ek aisi parampara ke roop mean prastut kiya gaya hai, jo manav-jati ke dharmik jivan mean se prakat huee hai. is parampara ko ek aise gambhir drishta ne spasht shabdoan mean kaha hai, jo saty ko usake sampoorn pahaluoan ki drishti se dekh sakata hai aur usaki uddharak shakti mean vishvas rakhata hai. yah hindu dharm ke kisi ek sampraday ka pratinidhitv nahian karati, apitu samooche roop mean hindoo dharm ka pratinidhitv karati hai; n keval hindoo dharm ka, balki jise dharm kaha jata hai, us sabaka, usaki us vishvajaninata ke sath pratinidhitv karati hai, jisamean kal aur desh ki koee simaean nahian haian.^[2] isake samanvay mean manaviy atma ka, asabhy logoan ki aparishkrit j dapooja se lekar santoan ki srijanatmak uktiyoan tak, samast saptak samaya hua hai.
jivan ke arth aur mooly ke sambandh mean gita dvara prastut kie ge sujhav, shashvat jivan ke moolyaank ki bhavana aur vah riti, jisake dvara param rahasyoan ko tark ke prakash dvara alokit kar diya gaya hai, aur naitik antardrishti man aur atma ke us mataiky ke liye adhar prastut kar dete haian, jo is sansar ko ek banae rakhane ke lie param avashyak hai; yah sansar sabhyata ke brahy tattvoan ki sarvabhaum svikriti ke karan bhautik roop se to ek ban hi chuka hai. jaisa ki gita ki pushpika se prakat hai, bhagavadgita adhividya aur nitishastr, brahmavidya aur yogashastr, vastavikata (brahm) ka vijnan aur vastavikata (brahm) ke sath sanyog ki kala, donoan hi hai.

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ gita ka prabhav bahut adhik raha hai. yah prarambhik dinoan mean chin aur japan tak phaila hua tha aur bad mean pashchim ke deshoan mean bhi phail gaya. bauddh dharm ki mahayan shakha ke do pramukh granthoan, ‘mahayanashraddhotpatti’ (mahayan mean shraddha ka jagaran) aur ‘saddharmapundarik’ (sachche dharm ka kamal) par gita ki shikshaoan ka gahara prabhav hai. yah bata dena manoranjak hoga ki ‘jarman dharm’ ke adhikrit bhashyakar je0 dablyoo0 hoar ne, jo sanskrit ka vidvan tha aur kuchh varsh tak bharat mean dharm pracharak ka kam karata raha tha, jarman dharm mean gita ko bahut mahattvapoorn sthan diya hai. usane gita ko ‘ek anashvar mahattv ka granth’ bataya hai. usaka kathan hai ki yah pustak “hamean n keval gambhir antardrishti pradan karati hai, jo sab kaloan mean aur sab prakar ke dharmik jivan ke liye pramanik hai, apitu isamean sath hi indo-jarman dharmik itihas ke ek sabase mahattvapoorn daur ka atyant pramanik niroopan bhi kiya gaya hai. yah hamean indo-jarman dharm ki mool prakriti aur usaki adharabhoot visheshataoan ke sambandh mean bhi marg dikhati hai.” vah gita ke kendribhoot sandesh ko in shabdoan mean prastut karata hai- “hamase jivan ke arth ko hal karane ke liye nahian kaha gaya, apitu us karm ko khoj nikalane ke lie, jisaki hamase apeksha ki jati hai, aur us karm ko karane ke lie aur is prakar karm dvara jivan ki paheli ko sulajhane ke lie kaha gaya hai.” (aprail 1940 ke hibbart jarnal mean prishth 341 par uddhrit.) parantu gita ka karm ka sandesh jivan ke darshan par adharit haiah gita chahati hai ki karm mean jutane se pahale ham jivan ke sath ke arth ko samajhean. yah vichar ke gaurav ki upeksha karake karm (vyavahar) ke prati andhabhakti ka samarthan nahian karati. isaka karm ka darshan isake atma ke darshan se nikala hai, brahmavidyantargatakarmayogashastr. naitik karm adhividyak anubhooti se nikala hai. shankarachary ka kathan hai ki gita ka uddeshy hamean bandhan se chhootane ka upay sikhana hai, keval karm karane ki prerana dena nahian, shokamohadisansarakarmanivrittyarth, gita shastramh n pravartakamh.
↑ tulana kijie ailduas haksaleah “gita shashvat darshan ke kabhi bhi rache ge sabase spasht aur sabase sarvaang-sampoorn saraanshoan mean se ek hai. isilie n keval bharatiyoan ke liy apitu sampoorn manav-jati ke lie isaka itana sthayi mooly hai sambhavatah bhagavadgita shashvat darshan ka sabase achchha susangat adhyatmik vivaran hai.” svami pranavanand aur kristofar isharvud dvara likhit bhagavadgita ki bhoomika (1945).

sanbandhit lekh

bhagavadgita -radhakrishnan
adhyay	adhyay ka nam	prishth sankhya

	parichay	1
1.	arjun ki duvidha aur vishad	63
2.	saankhy-siddhant aur yog ka abhyas	79
3.	karmayog ya kary ki paddhati	107
4.	jnanamarg	124
5.	sachcha sannyas	143
6.	sachcha yog	152
7.	eeshvar aur jagat	168
8.	vishv ke vikas ka kram	176
9.	bhagavan apani srishti se b da hai	181
10.	paramatma sabaka mool hai; use jan lena sab-kuchh jan lena hai	192
11.	bhagavan ka divy roopantar	200
12.	vyaktik bhagavan ki pooja parabrahm ki upasana ki apeksha	211
13.	sharir kshetr hai, atma kshetrajn hai; aur in donoan mean antar	215
14.	sab vastuoan aur praniyoan ka rahasyamay janak	222
15.	jivan ka vriksh	227
16.	daiviy aur asuriy man ka svabhav	231
17.	dharmik tattv par lagoo kie ge tinoan gun	235
18.	nishkarsh	239
19.	aantim prishth	254

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] ta ka prabhav bahut adhik raha hai. yah prarambhik dinoan mean chin aur japan tak phaila hua tha aur bad mean pashchim ke deshoan mean bhi phail gaya. bauddh dharm ki mahayan shakha ke do pramukh granthoan, ‘mahayanashraddhotpatti’ (mahayan mean shraddha ka jagaran) aur ‘saddharmapundarik’ (sachche dharm ka kamal) par gita ki shikshaoan ka gahara prabhav hai. yah bata dena manoranjak hoga ki ‘jarman dharm’ ke adhikrit bhashyakar je0 dablyoo0 hoar ne, jo sanskrit ka vidvan tha aur kuchh varsh tak bharat mean dharm pracharak ka kam karata raha tha, jarman dharm mean gita ko bahut mahattvapoorn sthan diya hai. usane gita ko ‘ek anashvar mahattv ka granth’ bataya hai. usaka kathan hai ki yah pustak “hamean n keval gambhir antardrishti pradan karati hai, jo sab kaloan mean aur sab prakar ke dharmik jivan ke liye pramanik hai, apitu isamean sath hi indo-jarman dharmik itihas ke ek sabase mahattvapoorn daur ka atyant pramanik niroopan bhi kiya gaya hai. yah hamean indo-jarman dharm ki mool prakriti aur usaki adharabhoot visheshataoan ke sambandh mean bhi marg dikhati hai.” vah gita ke kendribhoot sandesh ko in shabdoan mean prastut karata hai- “hamase jivan ke arth ko hal karane ke liye nahian kaha gaya, apitu us karm ko khoj nikalane ke lie, jisaki hamase apeksha ki jati hai, aur us karm ko karane ke lie aur is prakar karm dvara jivan ki paheli ko sulajhane ke lie kaha gaya hai.” (aprail 1940 ke hibbart jarnal mean prishth 341 par uddhrit.) parantu gita ka karm ka sandesh jivan ke darshan par adharit haiah gita chahati hai ki karm mean jutane se pahale ham jivan ke sath ke arth ko samajhean. yah vichar ke gaurav ki upeksha karake karm (vyavahar) ke prati andhabhakti ka samarthan nahian karati. isaka karm ka darshan isake atma ke darshan se nikala hai, brahmavidyantargatakarmayogashastr. naitik karm adhividyak anubhooti se nikala hai. shankarachary ka kathan hai ki gita ka uddeshy hamean bandhan se chhootane ka upay sikhana hai, keval karm karane ki prerana dena nahian, shokamohadisansarakarmanivrittyarth, gita shastramh n pravartakamh.

[2] tulana kijie ailduas haksaleah “gita shashvat darshan ke kabhi bhi rache ge sabase spasht aur sabase sarvaang-sampoorn saraanshoan mean se ek hai. isilie n keval bharatiyoan ke liy apitu sampoorn manav-jati ke lie isaka itana sthayi mooly hai sambhavatah bhagavadgita shashvat darshan ka sabase achchha susangat adhyatmik vivaran hai.” svami pranavanand aur kristofar isharvud dvara likhit bhagavadgita ki bhoomika (1945).

[1]

[2]

**svar (Vowels)**
a	a	a	aa	i	i
ee	ee,ii,I	u	u	oo	oo, uu,U
e	e	ai	ai,ei	o	o
au	au,ou	aan	a^	aah	a:,aH
aॅ	A	aau	O	rri	Ria

**vyanjan (Consonants)**
k	ka,ca	kh	kha	g	ga
gh	gha	n	Nga	ch	cha
chh	chha	j	ja	jh	jha
n	Nja	t	Ta	th	Tha
d	Da	dh	Dha	n	Na
t	ta	th	tha	d	da
dh	dha	n	na	p	pa
ph	pha,fa	b	ba	bh	bha
m	ma	y	ya	r	ra
l	la	v	va,wa	sh	sha
sh	Sha	s	sa	h	ha
ksh	xa,kSha	tr	tra	jn	Gya, jNja
d	D_a	dh	Dh_a	jn	Gya, jNja

**nuqte**
q	qa	kh	Kha	g	Ga
	z	za	f	Fa

**matra (Matras)**
a	aa	i	i	i	ee,ii,I
u	u	oo	oo,uu	ri	R
e	e	ai	ai,ei	o	o
au	au,ou	ॅ	A	aau	O